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Are MMPI–2 Scale 4 Elevations Common Among Child Custody Litigants? The paper opens with a case study in which a child custody evaluator was cited for incorrectly stating that Scale 4 elevations on the MMPI–2 are common among child custody litigants. The author reviews the research on elevations on the validity and clinical scales on the MMPI–2 commonly seen in child custody cases. While the size of the elevations vary, and are usually small, the consensus among a large number of experts is that elevations on Scale 4 (Pd), among others, are common among child custody litigants, and that MMPI–2 results must be interpreted in this context. https://www.upress.umn.edu/test-division/bibliography/2010-2019/2012/ellis_mmpi-2_2012 https://www.upress.umn.edu/logo.png