Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality
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SNAP Selected References

Casillas, A., & Clark, L. A. (2002). Dependency, impulsivity, and self-harm: Traits hypothesized to underlie the association between Cluster B personality and substance abuse disorders.  Journal of Personality Disorder, 16, 424-436.

Clark, L. A. (1999). Dimensional approaches to personality disorder assessment and diagnosis. In C. R. Cloninger (Ed.), Personality and psychopathology, (pp. 219-244). Washington, D. C. American Psychiatric Press.

Clark, L. A. (2000). Mood, personality, and personality disorder. In R. Davidson (Ed.), Anxiety, Depression, and Emotion, (pp. 171-200). Oxford University Press.

Clark, L. A. & Harrison, J. A. (2001). Assessment instruments. In W. J. Livesley (Ed.). Handbook of personality disorders. (pp. 277-306). Guilford Press.

Clark, L. A., & Livesley, W. J.  (2002).  Two approaches to identifying the dimensions of personality disorder:  Convergence on the five-factor model.   In P. T. Costa, Jr., & T. Widiger (Eds.), Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality, 2nd Ed. (pp. 161-176).   Washington, D. C.:  American Psychological Association.  (Originally published in 1994).

Clark, L. A., Livesley, W. J., Schroeder, M. L., & Irish, S. (1996). The structure of maladaptive personality traits: Convergent validity between two systems. Psychological Assessment, 8, 294-303.

Clark, L. A., McEwen, J. L., Collard, L. M., & Hickok, G. (1993). Symptoms and traits of personality disorder: Two new methods for their assessment. Psychological Assessment , 5 , 81-91.

Clark, L. A., Vittengl, J., Kraft, D., & Jarrett, R. J. (2003). Shared, not unique, components of personality and psychosocial functioning predict post-acute-phase cognitive therapy depression severity. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 406-430. 

Clark, L. A., Vittengl, J., Kraft, D., & Jarrett, R. J. (2003). Separate personality traits from states to predict depression. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 152-172.

Clark, L. A., Vorhies, L., & McEwen, J. L.  (2002).  Personality disorder symptomatology from the five-factor model perspective.   In P. T. Costa, Jr., & T. Widiger (Eds.), Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality, 2nd Ed. (pp. 127-147).   Washington, D. C.:  American Psychological Association.  (Originally published in 1994).

Fiedler, E. R., Oltmanns, T. f., & Turkheimer, E. (2004).  Traits associated with personality disorders and adjustment to military life: Predictive validity of self and peer reports.  Military Medicine, 169, 207-211.

Harlan, E., & Clark, L. A. (1999). Short-forms of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP) for self and collateral ratings: Development, reliability, and validity. Assessment, 6, 131-146.

Hurt, S., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2002).  Personality traits and pathology in older and younger incarcerated women.  Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, 457-464.

Kochanska, G., Friesenborg, A. E., Lange, L. A., & Martel, M. M. (2004).  Parents personality and infants’ temperament as contributors to their emerging relationship.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 150, 744-759.

Melley, A. H., Oltmanns, T. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2002). The Schedule for Adaptive and Nonadaptive Personality (SNAP): Temporal stability and predictive validity of the diagnostic scales. Assessment, 9 , 181-187.

Morey, L. C., Warner, M. B., Shea, M. T., Gunderson, J. G., Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C., Skodol, A. E., & McGlashan, T. H. (2003). The representation of four personality disorders by the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality dimensional model of personality. Psychological Assessment, 15, 326-332.

Oltmanns, T. F., Melley, A. H., & Turkheimer, E. (2002).  Impaired social functioning and symptoms of personality disorders assessed by peer and self-report in a nonclinical population.  Journal of Personality Disorders, 16, 437-452.

Oltmanns, T. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2006). Perceptions of self and others regarding pathological personality traits. R. F. Krueger & J. L. Tackett (Eds).  Personality and psychopathology (pp. 71-111). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.

Ready, R. E., & Clark, L. A. (2002). Correspondence of psychiatric patient and informant ratings of personality traits, temperament, and interpersonal problems. Psychological Assessment, 14 , 39-49.

Ready, R. E., Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Westerhouse, K. (2000). Self- and peer-reported personality: Agreement, trait ratability, and the "self-based heuristic." Journal of Research in Personality, 34 , 208-244.

Ready, R. E., Watson, D. B., & Clark, L. A. (2002). Psychiatric patient and informant reported personality: Predicting concurrent and future behaviors. Assessment, 9, 361-372.

Reynolds, S. K., & Clark, L. A. (2001). Predicting personality disorder dimensions from domains and facets of the five-factor model. Journal of Personality, 69 , 199-222.

Ross, S. R., & Krukowski, R. A. (2003). The imposter phenomenon and maladaptive personality: Type and trait characteristics. Personality & Individual Differences, 34 , 477-484.

Simms, L J., & Clark, L. A. (2001). Detection of deception on the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality: Validation of the validity scales. Assessment, 8, 251-266.

Simms, L. J., & Clark, L. A. (2006). The Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP): A dimensional measure of traits relevant to personality and personality pathology.  In Steven Strack (Ed.), Differentiating normal and abnormal personality (pp. 431-450).  New York: Springer.

Simms, L. J., Casillas, A., Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Doebbeling, D. (2005). Psychometric evaluation of the Restructured Clinical scales of the MMPI-2. Psychological Assessment, 17, 345-358.

Simms, L. J., & Clark, L. A. (2005).  Validation of a computerized adaptive version of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP). Psychological Assessment, 17, 28-43.

South, S. C., Oltmanns, T. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2003).  Personality and the derogation of others: Descriptions based on self- and peer report.  Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 16-33.

Stepp, S. D., Trull, T. J., Burr, R. M., Wolfenstein, M., & Vieth, A. Z. (2005). Incremental validity of the structured interview for the Five-Factor Model of Personality (SIFFM).  European Journal of Personality, 19, 343-357.

Vittengl, J. R., Clark, L. A., & Jarrett, R. B. (2003). Interpersonal problems, personality pathology, and social adjustment after cognitive therapy for depression. Psychological Assessment, 15, 29-40.

Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1992). On traits and temperament: General and specific factors of emotional experience and their relation to the five-factor model. Journal of Personality, 60, 441-476.