MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales

In 2003 the University of Minnesota Press introduced the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales by Auke Tellegen, Ph.D. This is the first variant version of the Clinical Scales developed by S. R. Hathaway and J. C. McKinley for the original MMPI, published in 1943. Tellegen's goal in developing the scales was "to preserve the valuable predictive features of the existing Clinical Scales while attempting to improve their distinctiveness."

Answers to frequently asked questions are listed on the RC Scale FAQs page.

The RC Scales
	RCd	(dem)	Demoralization
	RC1	(som)	Somatic Complaints
	RC2	(lpe)	Low Positive Emotions
	RC3	(cyn)	Cynicism
	RC4	(asb)	Antisocial Behavior
	RC6	(per)	Ideas of Persecution
	RC7	(dne)	Dysfunctional Negative Emotions
	RC8	(abx)	Aberrant Experiences
	RC9	(hpm)	Hypomanic Activation
Sample RC Scale Profile

A detailed account of the development and validation of the scales is provided in a test monograph, "The MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical Scales (RC) Scales: Development, Validation, and Interpretation," by Auke Tellegen, Yossef S. Ben-Porath, John L. McNulty, Paul A. Arbisi, John R. Graham, and Beverly Kaemmer.        

Availability
The RC scales and test monograph are available from Pearson Assessments . The scales are offered in hand-scoring materials and in the computerized Extended Score Report.

References
There is a growing bibliography of journal articles and book chapters on the scales.

Scientific Presentations
Numerous papers relating to research and use of the scales in various settings have been presented at scientific meetings.

Research
Because the scales were constructed from the MMPI-2 item pool, RC scale results can be analyzed with existing test data.

Instruction
Instruction on the RC scales is provided through our MMPI-2/MMPI-A Workshops.